Fasteners Mechanical Properties and Similar Strengths
COMMENTS:
Common inch and metric fastener specifications, designations, mechanical properties per diameter range, and materials.
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TOPIC:
Mechanical Properties
POSTED:
Jan 16, 2017
While installing this low carbon steel fastener to its specified clamp load, a crack formed internally and propagated to the periphery of the head. While the specimen shown here was only cracked, other samples experienced fracture where the top 1/2 or 2/3 of the head completely separated. Improper head forging caused the wire to buckle as indicated by the grain flow seen here. Grains in the origin of the crack were plate like (plates perpendicular to the axis of loading) resulting in poor axial strength between grains. Fasteners that fracture like this are usually limited to low carbon steels or non-heat treated steels and are a result of an issue called adiabatic shear banding.
SEM secondary electron image of a low carbon resulfurized steel (AISI 12L14) which fractured in bending when loaded perpendicular to the rolling direction. Failure mode is ductile dimple rupture matrix; also seen here are stringer inclusions which provides local weakness. This weakness is why the dimple rupture surrounding the inclusions is much larger as opposed to regions where stringers are not observed.
Quench crack with a depth of 0.65 mm originated at the root of a thread. MnS stringers can be seen running parallel the axis of the wire in the drawing direction.
Severe decarburization on a fastener thread crest and flanks, Nital etch. ASTM F2328 is the governing specification for determining if a carburization and decarburization is within allowable limits of inch series fasteners.
This sample displayed complex fatigue loading with abrupt changes to loading conditions, i.e. (1) high cycle low load unidirectional bending to (2) high cycle low load reversed bending to (3) low cycle high load reversed bending and finally (4) sudden fast fracture.
SEM secondary electron image of a beautiful example of inharently brittle material that failed from impact loading.
AISI 304 stainless steel fasteners were used in H₂SO₄ environment and suffered heavy general and pitting corrosion. The 304 stainless steel flat washer was paper thin by the time maintenance was performed on the joint.
AISI 4140/4142 alloy steel (tensile strength, min = 125 ksi) exposed to hydrogen cyanide. The fasteners were coated with a thick blue PTFE which has excellent resistance to HCN attack. Either mechanical damage, or, pinhole openings in the coating permitted the HCN to corrode and ultimately participate in stress corrosion cracking.
I was honored to receive the James A. Thomas Presidents Leadership Award from Ms. Katharine Morgan, ASTM President. There were excellent leaders at ASTM, both staff and fellow members, that propelled me to excel. My success was a reflection of their guidance.
Atomic Number: 1
Element Category: reactive nonmetal
Atomic Weight: 1.00784
Electron Configuration: 1s¹
Melting Point: 13.99 K, -259.16°C, -434.49°F
Boiling Point: 20.271 K, -252.879°C, -423.182°F
Density, soild: 0.0763 g/cm³
Density, liquid: 0.07 g/cm³
Density, gas: 0.08988 g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure: Hexagonal
Possible Oxidation States: +1, -1
Atomic Number: 2
Element Category: noble gas
Atomic Weight: 4.002602
Electron Configuration: 1s²
Melting Point: 0.95 K, -227.20°C, -457.96°F
Boiling Point: 4.222 K, -268.928°C, -452.070°F
Density, liquid: 0.145 g/cm³
Density, gas: 0.1786 g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure: HCP
Possible Oxidation States: 0
Atomic Number: 3
Element Category: alkali metal
Atomic Weight: 6.941
Electron Configuration: [He]2s¹
Melting Point: 453.65 K, 180.50°C, 356.90°F
Boiling Point: 1603 K, 1330°C, 2426°F
Density, soild: 0.534 g/cm³
Density, liquid: 0.512 g/cm³
Crystal Structure: BCC
Possible Oxidation States: +1
Atomic Number: 4
Element Category: alkaline earth metal
Atomic Weight: 9.0121831
Electron Configuration: [He]2s²
Melting Point: 1560 K, 1287°C, 2349°F
Boiling Point: 2742 K, 2469°C, 4476°F
Density, soild: 1.85 g/cm³
Density, liquid: 1.690 g/cm³
Crystal Structure: HCP
Possible Oxidation States: +2
Atomic Number: 5
Element Category: metalloid
Atomic Weight: 10.81
Electron Configuration: [He] 2s² 2p¹
Melting Point: 2349 K, 2076°C, 3769°F
Boiling Point: 4200 K, 3927°C, 7101°F
Density, soild: 2.08 g/cm³
Crystal Structure: rhombohedral
Possible Oxidation States: +3
Atomic Number: 6
Element Category: reactive nonmetal
Atomic Weight: 12.011
Electron Configuration: [He] 2s² 2p²
Sublimation Point: 3915 K, 3642°C, 6588°F
Density, soild: graphite, 2.267 g/cm³; diamond, 3.515 g/cm³
Crystal Structure: graphite, hexagonal; diamond, FC-diamond-C
Possible Oxidation States: +2, +4, -4
Atomic Number: 7
Element Category: reactive nonmetal
Atomic Weight: 14.007
Electron Configuration: [He] 2s² 2p³
Melting Point: 63.15 K, -210.00°C, -346.00°F
Boiling Point: 77.355 K, -195.795°C, -320.431°F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: 0.808 g/cm³
Density, gas: 1.2504 g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure: hexagonal
Possible Oxidation States: +2, +3, +4, +5, -2, -3
Atomic Number: 8
Element Category: reactive nonmetal
Atomic Weight: 15.999
Electron Configuration: [He] 2s² 2p⁴
Melting Point: 54.36 K, -218.79°C, -361.82°F
Boiling Point: 90.188 K, -182.962°C, -297.332°F
Density, liquid: 1.141 g/cm³
Density, gas: 1.429 g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure: cubic
Possible Oxidation States: -2
Atomic Number: 9
Element Category: reactive nonmetal
Atomic Weight: 18.998403163
Electron Configuration: [He] 2s² 2p⁵
Melting Point: 53.48 K, -219.67°C, -363.41°F
Boiling Point: 85.03 K, -188.11°C, -306.60°F
Density, liquid: 1.505 g/cm³
Density, gas: 1.696 g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure: cubic
Possible Oxidation States: -1
Atomic Number: 10
Element Category: noble gas
Atomic Weight: 20.1797
Electron Configuration: [He] 2s² 2p⁶
Melting Point: 24.56 K, -248.59°C, -415.46°F
Boiling Point: 27.104 K, -246.046°C, -410.883°F
Density, liquid: 1.207 g/cm³
Density, gas: 0.9002 g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure: FCC
Possible Oxidation States: 0
Atomic Number: 11
Element Category: alkali metal
Atomic Weight: 22.98976928
Electron Configuration: [Ne] 3s¹
Melting Point: 370.944 K, 97.794°C, 208.029°F
Boiling Point: 1156.090 K, 882.940°C, 1621.292°F
Density, soild: 0.968 g/cm³
Density, liquid: 0.927 g/cm³
Crystal Structure: BCC
Possible Oxidation States: +1
Atomic Number: 12
Element Category: alkaline earth metals
Atomic Weight: 24.305
Electron Configuration: [Ne] 3s²
Melting Point: 923 K, 650°C, 1202°F
Boiling Point: 1363 K, 1091°C, 1994°F
Density, soild: 1.738 g/cm³
Density, liquid: 1.584 g/cm³
Crystal Structure: HCP
Possible Oxidation States: +2
Atomic Number: 13
Element Category: post-transition metal
Atomic Weight: 26.9815384
Electron Configuration: [Ne] 3s² 3p¹
Melting Point: 933.47 K, 660.32°C, 1220.58°F
Boiling Point: 2743 K, 2470°C, 4478°F
Density, soild: 2.70 g/cm³
Density, liquid: 2.375 g/cm³
Crystal Structure: FCC
Possible Oxidation States: +3
Atomic Number: 14
Element Category: metalloid
Atomic Weight: 28.085
Electron Configuration: [Ne] 3s² 3p²
Melting Point: 1687 K, 1414°C, 2577°F
Boiling Point: 3538 K, 3265°C, 5909°F
Density, soild: 2.3290 g/cm³
Density, liquid: 2.57 g/cm³
Crystal Structure: FC-diamond-C
Possible Oxidation States: +2, +4, -4
Atomic Number: 15
Element Category: reactive nonmetal
Atomic Weight: 30.973761998
Electron Configuration: [Ne] 3s² 3p³
Melting Point: white, 317.3 K, 44.15°C, 111.5°F; red, 860 K, 590°C, 1090°F
Boiling Point: white, 553.7 K, 280.5°C, 536.9°F
Density, soild: white, 1.823 g/cm³; red, 2.2-2.34 g/cm³; black, 2.69 g/cm³
Crystal Structure: BCC
Possible Oxidation States: +3, +4, +5, -3
Atomic Number: 16
Element Category: reactive nonmetal
Atomic Weight: 32.06
Electron Configuration: [Ne] 3s² 3p⁴
Melting Point: 388.36 K, 115.21°C, 239.38°F
Boiling Point: 717.8 K, 444.6°C, 832.3°F
Density, soild: alpha, 2.07 g/cm³; beta, 1.96 g/cm³; gamma, 1.92 g/cm³
Density, liquid: 1.819 g/cm³
Crystal Structure: orthorhombic
Possible Oxidation States: +2, +4, +6, -2
Atomic Number: 17
Element Category: reactive nonmetal
Atomic Weight: 35.45
Electron Configuration: [Ne] 3s² 3p⁵
Melting Point: 171.6 K, -101.5°C, -150.7°F
Boiling Point: 239.11 K, -34.04°C, -29.27°F
Density, liquid: 1.525 g/cm³
Density, gas: 3.2 g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure: orthorhombic
Possible Oxidation States: +1, +3, +5, +7, -1
Atomic Number: 18
Element Category: nobel gas
Atomic Weight: 39.948
Electron Configuration: [Ne] 3s² 3p⁶
Melting Point: 83.81 K, -189.34°C, -308.81°F
Boiling Point: 87.302 K, -185.848°C, -302.526°F
Density, liquid: 1.3954 g/cm³
Density, gas: 1.784 g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure: FCC
Possible Oxidation States: 0
Atomic Number: 19
Element Category: alkali metal
Atomic Weight: 39.0983
Electron Configuration: [Ar] 4s¹
Melting Point: 336.7 K, 63.5°C, 146.3°F
Boiling Point: 1032 K, 759°C, 1398°F
Density, soild: 0.862 g/cm³
Density, liquid: 0.828 g/cm³
Crystal Structure: BCC
Possible Oxidation States: +1
Atomic Number: 20
Element Category: alkaline earth metals
Atomic Weight: 40.078
Electron Configuration: [Ar] 4s²
Melting Point: 1115 K, 842°C, 1548°F
Boiling Point: 1757 K, 1484°C, 2703°F
Density, soild: 1.55 g/cm³
Density, liquid: 1.378 g/cm³
Crystal Structure: FCC
Possible Oxidation States: +2
Atomic Number: 21
Element Category: transition metal
Atomic Weight: 44.955
Electron Configuration: [Ar] 3d¹ 4s²
Melting Point: 1814 K, 1541°C, 2806°F
Boiling Point: 3109 K, 2836°C, 5136°F
Density, soild: 2.985 g/cm³
Density, liquid: 2.80 g/cm³
Crystal Structure: HCP
Possible Oxidation States: +3
Atomic Number: 22
Element Category: transition metal
Atomic Weight: 47.867
Electron Configuration: [Ar] 3d² 4s²
Melting Point: 1941 K, 1668°C, 3034°F
Boiling Point: 3560 K, 3287°C, 5949°F
Density, soild: 4.506 g/cm³
Density, liquid: 4.11 g/cm³
Crystal Structure: HCP
Possible Oxidation States: +2, +3, +4
Atomic Number: 23
Element Category: transition metal
Atomic Weight: 50.9415
Electron Configuration: [Ar] 3d³ 4s²
Melting Point: 2183 K, 1910°C, 3470°F
Boiling Point: 3680 K, 3407°C, 6165°F
Density, soild: 6.0 g/cm³
Density, liquid: 5.5 g/cm³
Crystal Structure: BCC
Possible Oxidation States: +2, +3, +4, +5
Atomic Number: 24
Element Category: transition metal
Atomic Weight: 51.9961
Electron Configuration: [Ar] 3d⁵ 4s¹
Melting Point: 2180 K, 1907°C, 3465°F
Boiling Point: 2944 K, 2671°C, 4840°F
Density, soild: 7.19 g/cm³
Density, liquid: 6.3 g/cm³
Crystal Structure: BCC
Possible Oxidation States: +2, +3, +6
Atomic Number: 25
Element Category: transition metal
Atomic Weight: 54.938043
Electron Configuration: [Ar] 3d⁵ 4s²
Melting Point: 1519 K, 1246°C, 2275°F
Boiling Point: 2334 K, 2061°C, 3742°F
Density, soild: 7.21 g/cm³
Density, liquid: 5.95 g/cm³
Crystal Structure: BCC
Possible Oxidation States: +2, +3, +4, +6, +7
Atomic Number: 26
Element Category: transition metal
Atomic Weight: 55.845
Electron Configuration: [Ar] 3d⁶ 4s²
Melting Point: 1811 K, 1538°C, 2800°F
Boiling Point: 3134 K, 2862°C, 5182°F
Density, soild: 7.874 g/cm³
Density, liquid: 6.98 g/cm³
Crystal Structure: BCC
Possible Oxidation States: +2, +3
Atomic Number: 27
Element Category: transition metal
Atomic Weight: 58.933194
Electron Configuration: [Ar] 3d⁷ 4s²
Melting Point: 1768 K, 1495°C, 2723°F
Boiling Point: 3200 K, 2927°C, 5301°F
Density, soild: 8.90 g/cm³
Density, liquid: 8.86 g/cm³
Crystal Structure: HCP
Possible Oxidation States: +2, +3
Atomic Number: 28
Element Category: transition metal
Atomic Weight: 58.6934
Electron Configuration: [Ar] 3d⁸ 4s²
Melting Point: 1728 K, 1455°C, 2651°F
Boiling Point: 3003 K, 2730°C, 4946°F
Density, soild: 8.908 g/cm³
Density, liquid: 7.81 g/cm³
Crystal Structure: FCC
Possible Oxidation States: +2, +3
Atomic Number: 29
Element Category: transition metal
Atomic Weight: 63.546
Electron Configuration: [Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s¹
Melting Point: 1357.77 K, 1084.62°C, 1984.32°F
Boiling Point: 2835 K, 2562°C, 4643°F
Density, soild: 8.96 g/cm³
Density, liquid: 8.02 g/cm³
Crystal Structure: FCC
Possible Oxidation States: +1, +2
Atomic Number:30
Element Category: post-transition metal
Atomic Weight: 65.38
Electron Configuration: [Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s²
Melting Point: 692.68 K, 419.53°C, 787.15°F
Boiling Point: 1180 K, 907°C, 1665°F
Density, soild: 7.14 g/cm³
Density, liquid: 6.57 g/cm³
Crystal Structure: HCP
Possible Oxidation States: +2
Atomic Number: 31
Element Category: post-transition metal
Atomic Weight: 69.723
Electron Configuration: [Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p¹
Melting Point: 302.9146 K, 29.7646°C, 85.5763°F
Boiling Point: 2673 K, 2400°C, 4352°F
Density, soild: 5.91 g/cm³
Density, liquid: 6.095 g/cm³
Crystal Structure: orthorhombic
Possible Oxidation States: +3
Atomic Number: 32
Element Category: metalloid
Atomic Weight: 72.630
Electron Configuration: [Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p²
Melting Point: 1211.40 K, 938.25°C, 1720.85°F
Boiling Point: 3106 K, 2833°C, 5131°F
Density, soild: 5.323 g/cm³
Density, liquid: 5.60 g/cm³
Crystal Structure: face-centered diamond-cubic
Possible Oxidation States: +2, +4
Atomic Number: 33
Element Category: metalloid
Atomic Weight: 74.921595
Electron Configuration: [Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p³
Sublimation Point:887 K, 615°C, 1137°F
Density, soild: 5.727 g/cm³
Density, liquid: 5.22 g/cm³
Crystal Structure: rhomboheral
Possible Oxidation States: +3, +5, -3
Atomic Number: 34
Element Category: reactive nonmetal
Atomic Weight: 78.971
Electron Configuration: [Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁴
Melting Point: 494 K, 221°C, 430°F
Boiling Point: 958 K, 685°C, 1265°F
Density, soild: 4.81 g/cm³ (gray), 4.39 g/cm³ (alpha), 4.28 g/cm³ (viteous)
Density, liquid: 3.99 g/cm³
Crystal Structure: hexagonal
Possible Oxidation States: +2, +4, +6, -2
Atomic Number: 35
Element Category: reactive nonmetal
Atomic Weight: 79.904
Electron Configuration: [Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁵
Melting Point: 265.8 K, -7.2°C, 19°F
Boiling Point: 332.0 K, 58.8°C, 137.8°F
Density, liquid: 3.1028 g/cm³
Crystal Structure: orthorhombic
Possible Oxidation States: +1, +5, -1
Atomic Number: 36
Element Category: noble gas
Atomic Weight: 83.798
Electron Configuration: [Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶
Melting Point: 115.78 K, -157.37°C, -251.27°F
Boiling Point: 119.93 K, -153.415°C, -244.147°F
Density, liquid: 2.413 g/cm³
Density, gas: 3.749 g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure: FCC
Possible Oxidation States: 0
Atomic Number: 37
Element Category: alkali metal
Atomic Weight: 85.4678
Electron Configuration: [Kr] 5s¹
Melting Point: 312.45 K, 39.30°C, 102.74°F
Boiling Point: 961 K, 688°C, 1270°F
Density, soild: 1.532 g/cm³
Density, liquid: 1.46 g/cm³
Crystal Structure: BCC
Possible Oxidation States: +1
Atomic Number: 38
Element Category: alkaline earth metal
Atomic Weight: 87.62
Electron Configuration: [Kr] 5s²
Melting Point: 1050 K, 777°C, 1431°F
Boiling Point: 1650 K, 1377°C, 2511°F
Density, soild: 2.64 g/cm³
Density, liquid: 2.375 g/cm³
Crystal Structure: FCC
Possible Oxidation States: +2
Atomic Number: 39
Element Category: transition metal
Atomic Weight: 88.905
Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d¹ 5s²
Melting Point: 1799 K, 1526°C, 2779°F
Boiling Point: 3203 K, 2930°C, 5306°F
Density, soild: 4.472 g/cm³
Density, liquid: 4.24 g/cm³
Crystal Structure: HCP
Possible Oxidation States: +3
Atomic Number: 40
Element Category: transition metal
Atomic Weight: 91.224
Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d² 5s²
Melting Point: 2128 K, 1855°C, 3371°F
Boiling Point: 4650 K, 4377°C, 7911°F
Density, soild: 6.52 g/cm³
Density, liquid: 5.8 g/cm³
Crystal Structure: HCP
Possible Oxidation States: +4
Atomic Number: 41
Element Category: transition metal
Atomic Weight: 92.906
Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d⁴ 5s¹
Melting Point: 2750 K, 2477°C, 4491°F
Boiling Point: 5017 K, 4744°C, 8571°F
Density, soild: 8.57 g/cm³
Crystal Structure: BCC
Possible Oxidation States: +3, +5
Atomic Number:42
Element Category: transition metal
Atomic Weight: 95.95
Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d⁵ 5s¹
Melting Point: 2896 K, 2623°C, 4753°F
Boiling Point: 4912 K, 4639°C, 8382°F
Density, soild: 10.28 g/cm³
Density, liquid: 9.33 g/cm³
Crystal Structure: BCC
Possible Oxidation States: +2, +3, +4, +5, +6
Atomic Number: 43
Element Category: transition metal
Atomic Weight: 98
Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d⁵ 5s²
Melting Point: 2430 K, 2157°C, 3915°F
Boiling Point: 4538 K, 4265°C, 7709°F
Density, soild: 11 g/cm³
Crystal Structure: HCP
Possible Oxidation States: +4, +7
Atomic Number: 44
Element Category: transition metal
Atomic Weight: 101.07
Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d⁷ 5s¹
Melting Point: 2607 K, 2334°C, 4233°F
Boiling Point: 4423 K, 4150°C, 7502°F
Density, soild: 12.45 g/cm³
Density, liquid: 10.65 g/cm³
Crystal Structure: HCP
Possible Oxidation States: +2, +3, +4, +6, +8
Atomic Number: 45
Element Category: transition metal
Atomic Weight: 102.905
Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d⁸ 5s¹
Melting Point: 2237 K, 1964°C, 3567°F
Boiling Point: 3968 K, 3695°C, 6683°F
Density, soild: 12.41 g/cm³
Density, liquid: 10.7 g/cm³
Crystal Structure: CC
Possible Oxidation States: +2, +3, +4
Atomic Number: 46
Element Category: transition metal
Atomic Weight: 106.42
Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d¹⁰
Melting Point: 1828.05 K, 1554.9°C, 2830.82°F
Boiling Point: 3236 K, 2963°C, 5365°F
Density, soild: 12.023 g/cm³
Density, liquid: 10.38 g/cm³
Crystal Structure: FCC
Possible Oxidation States: +2, +4
Atomic Number: 47
Element Category: transition metal
Atomic Weight: 107.8682
Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s¹
Melting Point: 1234.93 K, 961.78°C, 1763.2°F
Boiling Point: 2435 K, 2162°C, 3924°F
Density, soild: 10.49 g/cm³
Density, liquid: 9.320 g/cm³
Crystal Structure: FCC
Possible Oxidation States: +1
Atomic Number: 48
Element Category: post-transition metal
Atomic Weight: 112.414
Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s²
Melting Point: 594.22 K, 321.07°C, 609.93°F
Boiling Point: 1040 K, 767°C, 1413°F
Density, soild: 8.65 g/cm³
Density, liquid: 7.996 g/cm³
Crystal Structure: HCP
Possible Oxidation States: +2
Atomic Number: 49
Element Category: post-transition metal
Atomic Weight: 114.818
Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p¹
Melting Point: 429.7485 K, 156.5985°C, 313.8773°F
Boiling Point: 2345 K, 2072°C, 3762°F
Density, soild: 7.31 g/cm³
Density, liquid: 7.02 g/cm³
Crystal Structure: tetragonal
Possible Oxidation States: +3
Atomic Number: 50
Element Category: post-transition metal
Atomic Weight: 118.710
Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p²
Melting Point: 505.08 K, 231.93°C, 449.47°F
Boiling Point: 2875 K, 2602°C, 4716°F
Density, soild: (white) 7.265 g/cm³, (gray) 5.769 g/cm³
Density, liquid: 6.99 g/cm³
Crystal Structure: (white) tetragonal, (gray) face-centered diamond-cubic
Possible Oxidation States: +2, +4
Atomic Number: 51
Element Category: metalloid
Atomic Weight: 121.760
Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p³
Melting Point: 903.78 K, 630.63°C, 1167.13°F
Boiling Point: 1908 K, 1635°C, 2975°F
Density, soild: 6.697 g/cm³
Density, liquid: 6.53 g/cm³
Crystal Structure: rhombohedral
Possible Oxidation States: +3, +5, -3
Atomic Number: 52
Element Category: metalloid
Atomic Weight: 127.60
Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁴
Melting Point: 722.66 K, 449.51°C, 841.12°F
Boiling Point: 1261 K, 988°C, 1810°F
Density, soild: 6.24 g/cm³
Density, liquid: 5.70 g/cm³
Crystal Structure: hexagonal
Possible Oxidation States: +2, +4, +6, -2
Atomic Number: 53
Element Category: reactive nonmetal
Atomic Weight: 126.90447
Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁵
Melting Point: 386.85 K, 113.7°C, 236.66°F
Boiling Point: 457.4 K, 184.3°C, 363.7°F
Density, soild: 4.933 g/cm³
Crystal Structure: orthorhombic
Possible Oxidation States: +1, +5, +7, -1
Atomic Number: 54
Element Category: nobel gas
Atomic Weight: 131.293
Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁶
Melting Point: 161.40 K, -111.75°C, -169.15°F
Boiling Point: 165.051 K, -108.099°C, -162.578°F
Density, liquid: 2.942 g/cm³
Density, gas: 5.894 g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure: FCC
Possible Oxidation States: 0
Atomic Number: 55
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 56
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 57
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 58
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 59
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 60
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 61
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 62
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 63
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 64
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 65
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 66
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 67
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 68
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 69
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 70
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 71
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 72
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 73
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 74
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 75
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 76
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 77
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 78
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 79
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 80
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 81
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 82
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 83
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 84
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 85
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 86
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 87
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 88
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 89
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 90
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 91
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 92
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 93
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 94
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 95
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 96
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 97
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 98
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 99
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 100
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 101
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 102
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 103
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 104
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 105
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 106
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 107
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 108
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 109
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 110
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 111
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 112
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 113
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 114
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 115
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 116
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 117
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
Atomic Number: 118
Element Category:
Atomic Weight:
Electron Configuration:
Melting Point: K, °C, °F
Boiling Point: K, °C, °F
Density, soild: g/cm³
Density, liquid: g/cm³
Density, gas: g/L (STP)
Crystal Structure:
Possible Oxidation States:
